Regarding History vs. When Death Comes

Regarding history/ when death comes Luisa A. Igloria's, â€Å"Regarding History† is a very intriguing poem. Initially it seems to be a very straight forward poem, she beings by speaking of two trees that she can see from her window that lean into the wind, and goes on to describe a certain meat that she is cooking. At first glance this poem seemed to just be a description of an afternoon, but as the poem progresses it gets more complicated, which lead me to start to question if her earliest descriptions where literal, or a representation of something else entirely.A key turning point in my interpretation of this poem is when she said: â€Å"Tell me what I'll find, in this early period at the beginning of a century. Tell me what I'll find stumbling into a boat and pushing off into the year's last dark hours. † It is obvious that she is searching for something, but what? After I reread the poem I began seeing more of a love aspect to it when I noticed her speaking of a pe rson, who she wants to take the person's face in her hands and â€Å"Grow sweet from what it tells†.This once more brings me back to the begging of the poem, and my initial question, what do the trees represent? I came to the conclusion that the two trees represented her and this person that she adores, and that she is not necessarily observing them, but rather the trees make her think of the relationship with this person she adores and herself, which by the description of the how the trees are: â€Å"leaning now into the wind in a stance that we'd call involuntary-† shows to me that there is a struggle of sorts that they are facing together. Another aspect of the poem that peaked my interest was the title.After reading it and rereading it there seemed to be no logical conclusion to be made of the title until I had focused on the ending when she talks about â€Å"the beginning of a century†. It made me think that she was about to embrace something new, and this struggle that is present may have been a repeat of the past, therefore bringing about the entire poems purpose, her questioning the future while regarding the past, or as the poem states, history. â€Å"When Death Comes†, This poem by Mary Oliver was simple, but the way she used imagery and depicted her thoughts upon death was brilliant and extravagant.When I say simple, I meant that there seemed to be no hidden meaning of what the poem was really about. After reading over the material more than a few times is was clear that death meant death, and her position on it was firmly established. At the beginning of the poem she starts off by describing death, how it is vicious, swift, unbiased and unforgiving. â€Å"When death comes like the hungry bear in autumn when death comes and takes all the bright coins from his purse to buy me, and snaps his purse shut; when death comes like the measle-pox; when death comes like an iceberg between the shoulder blades†¦ Then she begins to question about what death will be like when it is her time. Her reflection of death and its characteristics provokes thoughts on how she values all life and her personal relationships. She describes her relationships a brother and sisterhood, stating that she is very close to those she loves and highly values their relationship. She describes all life as a flower, but as common as a field daisy, but none the less beautiful, and any life that dares venture towards and endure life a body of courage, like a lion, and she ends the poem describing how she wants to exit this world.She wishes to die never having stopped being amazed by creation and never having stopped exploring new things and ideas, She wishes to have no questions or doubts. She wants to have experienced the world, not only have had visited it. Her take on the ideas and life and death themselves are very respectable, and something that I believe should be modeled, I believe that they are setup for well being, satisfac tion, and a full life. In this poem, she had many literay devices.To me, the most interesting one is on stanzas three and four: † when death comes and takes all the bright coins from his purse to buy me, and snaps his purse shut†¦ † Its obvious that when you die you lose all of your possesions, but in ancient Greece, the culture believed that when you died you had to pay a toll to Charon, a demi-god whose only purpose is to ferry people in to the after life. These coins were mostly gold or other precious metals and were usually owned by the person who died and placed on the eyes as their final payment to the Charon, which is represented by the adjective she uses, â€Å"Bright†.

Moral Reasoning across Cultures Essay

Moral reasoning involves an active critical thinking process that evaluates reasons for ethical beliefs (Sunar, 2002). Sometimes individuals may be skeptic about issues related to morality. However, these same people seek to relate their moral opinions with tangible reasons. By doing this, they try to prove the issues that encompass ethics but often end up making common fallacies in moral reasoning. The universal acceptance of moral reasoning or arguments becomes rather problematic as culture seems to play a critical role in the way individuals make moral judgments (Sunar, 2002). To fully appreciate the difference in moral reasoning across cultures, it is important to examine some of the moral questions that have drawn serious debates in history. These moral questions such as euthanasia, abortion, same-sex marriages have been a hurdle due to the differences in cultural practices and beliefs which make some individuals to view an issue as morally correct or morally wrong (Sunar, 2002). But at the same time, there are principals that are universally accepted across cultures and this makes moral reasoning, to some level, be homogenous in intercultural dimensions. Morality can be viewed differently across different psychologists. To evolutionally psychologist, morality is an issue of inheritance implying that if the parents had poor morals, the offspring will not escape but inherit the genes of poor morals (Sunar, 2002). Cognitive psychologists may differ and claim that morality is entirely learnt where a child develops character and morals through experiences and role-taking. The difference in their explanations comes in due to the attempt to answer the disconcerting question on why moral reasoning tends to differ across individuals, gender and cultural levels (Sunar, 2002). There are diverse and pervasive cultural differences in moral principles across cultures, an issue that has made serious debates among cross-cultural psychologists (Sunar, 2002). The thinking of cognitive psychologists as observed in Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory seem to be applicable only to the Western people with liberal values and individualists social forms. In this perspective, social constructionists have given a strong critique on the cognitive-development theory in the understanding of moral reasoning (Bucciarelli, Khemlani & Johnson-Laird, 2008). The social constructionists maintain that every culture is entirely unique with distinct moral systems and meanings and the comparisons in their moral reasoning does not make sense. This argument can be supported by the number of states legalizing abortion. Countries such as Malta, El Salvador and Chile have made abortion to be illegal no matter the condition or the purpose of the procedure (Pregnant Pause, 2002). On the other hand, countries such as Belgium, Belarus, Australia, Bosnia, Cambodia and China have made abortion to be a legal practice for a number of reasons such as social or economic reasons (Pregnant Pause, 2002). A different perspective is held by evolutionary psychologists, psychoanalytic psychologists and cognitive-development psychologists. They all argue that moral reasoning should be uniform across cultures. Psychoanalytic theory claims that the internalization process is deeply rooted in the conflicts between the social life requirements and the individual desires. These factors tend to be universal and therefore moral reasoning is uniform across cultures. Cultures such as same-sex marriages that used to be predominantly in Western countries are slowly finding a place in African countries (Bucciarelli, Khemlani & Johnson-Laird, 2008). This shows that moral reasoning is similar across cultures. Another element of similarities across cultures is the manner in which social institutes such as marriage are conducted. Punishments for poor marriage practices and rewards for good conduct have been shown to increase the observance of the moral principles regardless to cultural differences. Generally, the issue of moral reasoning tends to be both uniform and different across different cultures. There are moral principles that are universally acceptable and some practices will be known to be wrong among all cultures. However, some practices tend to have cultural boundaries where some countries or ethnic groups may restrict certain practices while others allowing the practices. These factors make moral reasoning to differ across cultures. Reference: Bucciarelli, M. , Khemlani, S & Johnson-Laird, P. N (2008). The psychology of moral reasoning. Judgment and Decision Making. 3 (2):121-139. Pregnant Pause (2002). Summary of abortion laws around the world. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http://www. pregnantpause. org/lex/world02. htm Sunar, D. (2002). The psychology of morality. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds. ), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 2, Chapter 11), Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http://www. ac. wwu. edu/~culture/Sunar. htm

Discussion 4- Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 4- Economics - Assignment Example According to Hugger (2008), the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) criteria can examine the feasibility of adopting a common currency by NAFTA (p. 23). Canada and Mexico have high levels of intra-regional trade and openness. According to OCA criteria, open economies reduce the costs of a common currency and reduce asymmetric shocks. From interest rate correlations, U.S-Canada monetary policies are similar. NAFTA countries are more similar in terms of GDP per capita growth, trade openness and tax to GDP ratios. Given all its benefits, a common currency is feasible for NAFTA. However, like the Euro, member countries must consider political reasons related to adopting a common currency. Theoretical threats of the Euro to the US Dollar in the international trade mean that a common monetary union in North America would allow the United States to compete on the same level ground with the Euro. Grubel (2000) points out that a single currency in North America would bring benefits to these countries in terms of reduced costs of foreign exchange, decreased interest rates and exchange rate risks. Reduced exchange rates would favor North America in facilitating and expanding international trade (p.

Effective Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Effective Leadership - Essay Example Brown and Duguid (2000) pointed out that an effective knowledge officer collects and leverages knowledge using information technology as a platform – from the varied holders of knowledge and information. All organizations require people that can gather relevant knowledge from those who have it, reorganize it into formats that are usable and edit or update it as time goes by, so as to ensure that it offers the highest value. However, the organizations that are likely to fit into the wide description are those that foster knowledge management, encourage organizational learning and value knowledge as critical to their business processes (Al-Ghassani et al., 2004). This paper will explore the role of leadership in effective knowledge management, identifying the skills and the attributes required for knowledge management. ... organization is viewed as a critical aspect of organizational strategy; the situation where the organization understands the potential of the knowledge resource and formulates the strategies for its marketing. Thirdly, the organization should adopt the outlook of using learning and knowledge to support its core competencies and in the process of creating other competencies (Collins, 2001). Lastly, its management should entail the appointment, examination and rewarding of personnel on the basis of their participation in developing the knowledge required. The appointment of the knowledge leader, in an organization, is usually an indicator that the significance of knowledge and knowledge management, in determining the future success of the organization is acknowledged. Bass et al. (2003) acknowledge that the role of the leader or manager in taking the place of a knowledge leader is relatively immature, and there is no job specification to guide the process of recruiting the right leader . However, the effectiveness of their leadership skills, leadership outlook and the overall outlook about managing human resources offer the course for their leadership agenda (Hay Management Consultants, 2000). Further, irrespective of the lack of a clear definition of the roles of the knowledge leader, some of the roles that they are supposed to play, towards guaranteeing the effectiveness of knowledge management are discussed next (Andreas, 2005). These roles include promoting the knowledge agenda, fostering education and learning, laying the infrastructure, promoting best processes and practices, creating a culture of knowledge sharing and advocating for the practice (Andreas, 2005). Literature Review Leadership is fundamentally related to the relationships or the interactions between

How male and female Regard Interaction and Leadership Differences in Essay

How male and female Regard Interaction and Leadership Differences in the business communication - Essay Example This is particularly brought about by the perceived inferiority of women, a notion that is largely driven by historical gender inequalities. Despite the extant differences, its should also be noted that they do not form a basis for stereotyping whereby one gender is considered as having better or more advanced communication skills and thus better placed to be effective and competent leaders. On the contrary, in spite of the differences, experience has shown that men and women are still able to meet certain goals and emerge as business leaders with equally effective and good communication skills (Winter, Neal and Waner, 2001). This paper, therefore, explores the differences in how males and females regard interactions and leadership in business setting by looking at the physiological and psychological gender differences, task differences, expertise differences, differences in communication and leadership styles and draws on a conclusion on how they impact on their roles as leaders in at the work place. Gender Differences Men and women are two distinct genders with totally different physiological attributes as evident in the manner in which they act, communicate and methods they employ to influence others around them. These gender differences in communication and influence tactics have a significant role to play in defining their leadership styles at the workplace. Academic research has shown that men have a higher likelihood of being chosen as leaders than men while women generally take considered to take a backstage position and deal with everyday tasks. This is mainly because men and women view the purpose of communication from totally two different perspectives. While men use communication as a way of exerting dominance over others and achieving tangible results, women employ language as a medium of enhancing social connections and creating durable relationships with those around them (Wood, 1996). Another physiological difference between men and women is tha t while the female gender is generally considered to be more expressive, cautious and courteous in their verbal interactions with others, men on the other hand are more assertive, and power hungry (Basow and Rubenfield, 2003). It is these differences in the physiological and psychological nature of the two genders that make men to be likely chosen as leaders as they are more assertive and always desire to posses power, while women, showing tentativeness in their interactions, usually stay in the background and are mainly involved in the everyday tasks. John Gray (1992) identified different communication styles depicted by men and women, suggesting that men are more likely to be goal oriented and are mainly driven by the desire to achieve results. Women on the other hand vale fostering of relations and mainly define desired accomplishments by the type of relationships they build over time. More are more of introverts when it comes to dealing with problem situations as they prefer to keep to themselves while women prefer to talk out issues and involve the opinion of others. Task Differences One difference that stands out between men and w

International Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

International Financial management - Essay Example From here, the borrowed money must be converted into to home currency or pounds sterling using the current spot rate of 1.2834because the company is assumed to invest what it has borrowed to earn interest at UK at 4%. Thus, the future value will be the total amount at  £393,447.48 will be received from the foreign exchange transaction at the end of six months. Also, when it is time to pay the foreign currency loan, it will use the foreign currency money it receives from its customer to pay such loan. Method I is an example of money market hedge where the current spot rate is the only relevant rate and fluctuations in spot rate in the future is not relevant. This can be done by borrowing foreign currency money at a fixed rate at the strength of future receipt of foreign currency. Method 2 on the other hand makes of forward exchange hedge. Note that the exchange rate that is relevant this time is the forward rate as it will determine the cash inflow that the company will receive in the future. Thus, the current spot rate and the subsequent fluctuations in spot rates during the period of six months are irrelevant. At the date of the contract is entered upon, there are no cash outflows or inflows involved. The cash inflow will happen at the end of the forward contract which is after six months. At six-month time, the company will give to the bank the 500,000 euros that it will receive from its customer. The bank in turn will give to the company the amount of 500,000 euros converted into the forward rate it has agreed with the company. Comparing the value to be received in Method 1 at  £393,447.48 as against  £392,003.14 to be received under the Method, there is evidence to choose the former at will give a net advantage of  £1,444.34 . The international risks that company faces in relation to changes in foreign exchange rates are divided

American Business History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Business History - Essay Example Professionalism ensued and caused the struggle to narrow down the social divide in terms of equality that was now prevailing against women. The expansion of this trading by reaching new geographical terrains due to the demand of the end products that was coupled by improved transportation links in the world, saw it advancement to the present global form of business corporations. In this recent stage of business evolution in America, women have started coming out of the lime light and are starting to be appreciated again in the business community. During the early times, before the eighteenth century in America, where the household economy was in effect, women and men worked hand in hand. They shared the same energy and responsibility in maintaining their business. This exhibited a high level of equity and equality in the performance of their tasks as they were not biased in terms of gender. However, women were like a sole property to the women once they entered marriage, and therefore had little command of decisions. The advent of industrialization forced women to accustom themselves with domestic ideals. Their importance became insignificant and thus, resistance became inevitable and many women who could not embrace this idea had a rough time in trying to adjust. In an exemplary situation in Illinois, it is noted that not all white women agreed to the domestic status that was being imposed on them due to the encroachment and establishment of separate spheres. Researchers have since established that quite a number of women who had established themselves in Illinois ignored the idea of civilizing the wilderness via domestic work. Many of these settlers had migrated from the rural South, where they had not seen themselves entangled in the wider economic 'metamorphosis' that provided the grounds for division of labor and the formation of divided spheres. (Wilson, Douglas, 1998) Importance of the Early American Woman in Business Women were very important to the business of the early America. Albeit their major role which was domestic, the early American women were serious business people let alone investors. It is noted for example in Boston that, about five of the eight major seed retailers where women during the early 1770s. married women of the time were describe as "deputy husbands" because they were left with the responsibility of taking care of their husbands' enterprises while they were away which was often some long time. The example Elizabeth Meredith of Philadelphia and her hard work in the financial sector of America reveals the enormous importance that was accorded to women that led to the growth of the present America. She was the wife to Jonathan Meredith, a tanner too by profession. Meredith controlled the tannery company's account books, negotiated for money for the company's running, collected debts, and contracted with workers, suppliers, and customers. (Branson, 1996) The early American women even if not married or widowed were very industrious in the financial field and many of them could be found in the heal care field, authors, tailors, cobblers, brewers among a multitude of other professions. This was because no legalities were imposed on them to restrict them to domestic work. However, certain aspects of their existence with respect to the ideology of the divided sphere caused a reduction in domestic routines to a new form of leisure and hence sought to diminish the economic and

Philosophy of Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy of Religion - Essay Example Under perspectivism, Nietzche argued that selflessness is a component of Christian morality which can only be fully understood if a person speaks of one’s feelings and feels on matters distinctively or differently. Such implies that a person can be wholly considered selfless if his affective nature translates such selflessness in behaviors and attitudes in relation to others (Nietzche, et al., 1977). In his philosophy about self, Nietzche assailed an anti-Cartesian ideation and of naturalizing power pertaining to selfless consciousness. He contended that a selfless consciousness is without central intender, observer, and has no presence of self unto itself nor of natural unity. He however professed that there is mind and consciousness in nature (Nietzche, et al., 1977). This is consistent to the phenomenon of the body with consciousness embodying multiplicity of reasons but is inclined toward selflessness. As a naturalist, Nietzsche perceived that mind is not essentially consc ious and not essentially unified, thus, assailed that consciousness isn’t the heart of our being and that humans can perceived and actuate without consciousness (Nietzche, et al., 1977).... Some quickly pointed that Nietzche’s critique to altruist principles doesn’t indorse the theory of egoism and selfishness—that idea prominently advocated by Ayn Rand in her theory of objectivism and rational self. His ethical perspectives rest on the consequentialist perfectionism as evidenced in his theory of goodness innate in man and about the theory of evolving self that is in a continuing process of perfection. He however lacks the foundational theory on politics, where self is most inclined as a social being. As pointed, Nietzche hasn’t presented a systemic theory about the nature of state and society where human beings are in a sustained discourse to exchange values. His theory of selflessness however, emanated from his belief of a normative system perceived as morality that has certain structural characteristics. He assailed that language is significant in the interpretation and creation an individual—and, such narrative is a substitute to a n enduring methaphysical fact of self which is also presupposed in Plato, Christian, Cartesian and Kantian theories. He connects that precept of selflessness to his notion of amor fati (love of fate) which led him to conclude that a self can only dream to be free but cannot wholly practice freedom. At some point Nietzchie’s theory crossed with Simone Weil (Weil, 1952), a female philosopher whose thoughts combined her spiritual, social and philosophical concerns. Like Nietzche who was a virtue ethicist and who assailed that virtue is specific to individual, Weil likewise illustrated this value in her intrinsic care for the poor and oppressed labor sector in her time. Weil was unfaltering in her ideation of the absence of divergence in thought and way of life. She advocates the unity of values, principles, and

Constitutional law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Constitutional law - Essay Example It does not establish nor constitute the system of government. It does not involve constituent power. Its form of law is not superior to other laws; and it is not entrenched. All these characteristics are an integral part of a written constitution. One of the major differences of the British constitution from that of other countries is that it is not composed, written or set out in any single document like for example, that of the United States of America. Rather, it is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. Thomas Payne stated that the United Kingdom does not have a constitution. Against this background one can agree with Payne in saying that the United Kingdom does not have a constitution because there is no official written document. Since the United Kingdom does not have a written constitution there are several elements that are lacking which would give the people more autonomy. Amendments cannot be made to a constitution if there are no written documents to refer to. Even if amendments are attempted at times these are not seen as having far reaching effects because they are not legally binding. The United Kingdom is not seen as having a constitution because having a constitution hinges on the rights of the people. One of the earliest documents to form a central element of the constitution, the Magna Carta, was drawn up by the rich landowners so the rights of the common man were not provided for. It would therefore seem more difficult for the common man to clarify his rights and protect himself against the state. The Justice Secretary Jack Straw in a visit to Washington of February 2008 commented well on the British Constitution when he said that, "Most people might struggle to put their finger on where their rights are." It is difficult sometimes to know what the constitution really say because of the many

PEACE Domestic Violence Agency Essay Example for Free

PEACE Domestic Violence Agency Essay The PEACE Domestic Violence agency’s mission is to â€Å"reduce victim trauma, empower survivors, and promote recovery through direct services† (University of Phoenix, 2012, para. 9). Also, according to University of Phoenix Appendix B (2012),PEACE also strives to reducing the occurrence of sexual assault and domestic violence by educating the abused and the community and proposing ways to fight against social norms and beliefs. It will reside in the city of Portland, a large metropolitan city, that has been experiencing a rise in reports of not only domestic, spousal, and child abuse, but also youth violence, assault, and road rage over the last five years. PEACE is looking for funding from the National Foundation’s funding program and by doing so strives promote the well-being of people whose lives have been affected by domestic violence, improve the quality of life of families with a member in prison, provide people who are (or have been) involved with the criminal justice system with a rehabilitation program where they can obtain the skills and support networks needed to lead fulfilled lives. â€Å"The Small Grants Program offers one-time grants of up to $5,000 to registered charities with an annual budget under $500,000 and the Investor Program is an innovative funding program designed to support six organizations under each of the objectives of the Supporting Families program, with up to $150,000 a year for up to 3 years† (University of Phoenix, 2012, para. 11). The program needs not only proper funding but the ability to allocate that funding in ways that will benefit the community in the fastest and most effective way possible. Because of this, PEACE will be looking into alternative funding. The Community Innovation Challenge is one of the most important ways PEACE will try and obtain nontraditional funding. The Community Innovation Challenge is a grant program that gives approved organizations money so they can enact faster and more efficient ways of serving and bettering the community. This kind of funding would benefit PEACE because a domestic violence agency like PEACE is helpful to the community on so many levels children to adults to those looking to be rehabilitated. PEACE would be a prime candidate for this grant because of this reason and the money would be used to assist workers in their education on the matters at hand as well as paying for more workers if the organization gets too large for the current staff amount. PEACE will also be looking into outsourcing and setting up charity booths at frequently visited locations like outside a grocery store or at a shopping center. Sending emails and/or letters to local businesses, companies, and even other organizations looking for financial assistance, ideas, and information is definitely helpful and it also allows smaller businesses to get their name on the map and helping out the organization if they were to become something like a sponsor. Setting up charity booths also allows people from many different walks of life to see my program’s cause and contribute something, anything, if they can. Funding from these two sources can normally be used in many ways but it is also not always a large amount. Access to smaller amounts of funding gives PEACE ways to buy low cost items when they are affordable. Things like more seating, chair cushions, water tanks, even coffee and muffins All these things can help people feel more welcome and safe which is important with organizations like PEACE. Signing up for a few free subscription/database-type sites will give access to funds as well. These websites allow a program to look for nontraditional sources of funding as well as give them updates for when new opportunities come up that apply to the program. This is especially helpful for busy programs that may not have the man power to go out and hunt for funding sources while also working with the program as much as The mission of the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency is to reduce victim trauma, empower survivors, and promote recovery through direct services. Their curriculum is based largely around the need of the community and they set out to provide the best, most varied care they can. Starting with professionally trained staff who are looked over by a small administration PEACE locates those in need of assistance and brings them to a place where those needs can be met on an individual basis as well as on a group basis. The stakeholders for PEACE start with the administration and staff of the agency who put themselves on the line taking care of their clients and looking for sources of funding to make sure things are taken care of. Staff and administration need to have their physical and mental needs taken care of and provided for so they can then provide for the community. This may mean more staff need to be trained and employed to keep everyone at the top of their game or the spaces available for clients needs to be cut so staff do not find themselves over-taxed. Domestic abuse is a very serious thing and it cannot be taken lightly by anyone. One false step – be it a forgotten case notebook, a less-than-attentive staff member, or what have you – can severely endanger the clients. It is imperative that the clients are put into the hands of fully educated, completely able staff. A majority of funding sources are open only to non-profit, 501(c)3 organizations. These organizations must also be in good standing to receive funds and therefore PEACE is eligible to apply for this type of funding. A private foundation is deemed to be any non-profit that supports the work of public charities through the award of grants (2009). In order to receive funds a foundation is required to file a Form 1023 with the IRS. Form 1023 is a 28 page form gives the IRS the information they need to conduct audits of the foundation’s activities. The duty of staff and the administration is to make sure the program meets the requirements of the funders constantly because they would lose funding if they have anything that presents itself as a conflict of interest of it there is anything going on that the funders do not like (2009). Non-profit organizations and their boards are bound to very strict rules and therefore discrimination against an individual or treating a group better than another individual or group can result in the foundation being shut down. Records of a program must be maintained in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), including the filing of an annual Form 990 with the IRS. All members of the staff and management are responsible to the rules for non-profits. Documentation has to be well understood and applied consistently and correctly. The administrators of PEACE have to find evaluators that can ensure the evaluations show an honest picture of the group effort, effectiveness, and c ontribution to the community so granters can rely on the information provided. The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act is an example of such a funding foundation that can create such a picture. Their mission is to decrease the occurrence of domestic abuse as well as to increase well-being and progress in society as a whole. This foundation is federally funded often pulling in quite a few million dollars that are then allocated to them by the government as well as allocated to sister organizations and other funding opportunities. Being federally funded there is a close eye on the limited resources of the foundation so the funders can be sure the money is spent in the most effective manner to benefit the greatest number of people. The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act serves organizations and people all over the United. The foundation has control over where their money is used and they try to concentrate their focus on organizations that will benefit the community around them the most. They, more specifically, tend to fund essential services that sit at the core of ending domestic violence. Emergency shelters, hotlines, and advocacy as well as primary and secondary prevention are all looked at highly. Another stakeholder in the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency is the community itself. Community evaluation will be an active part of the results that affect ongoing funding by attending the program, first of all, and also by giving feedback on the effectiveness of this program and the staff of said program in their community. The input of the community needs to be taken into consideration when looking at progress evaluations and data that has been collected before making decisions to change, mend, or modify the program. Community member have the biggest input on when, where, and how group sessions are bei ng held and, more importantly, when, where, and how private sessions are being held. Children cannot be expected to want to sit through late meetings, parents may not have time during the day because of work†¦ There are so many factors that need to be looked at in order to please the wants and needs of the community. This will be important also keep constant monitoring of to allow individuals and families to have time for different kinds of activities and help, as well as to allow the help they’ve currently received (or have been receiving) to process and sink in. However, the community cannot affect or change the goals of funding institutions. Therefore, they have to work with the funder’s restrictions and requirements so that no single group is held in a higher spot on the list of things that need funding or the list of people that need assistance. Every one of the stakeholders at PEACE Domestic Violence Agency has an effect on the design and implementation of the program. The community, the clients, the staff and finally the administration all s hare a common goal and they all hold the progress and fate of the program in their hands. They all want to see an improvement in the society, they all want to see higher quality of life, and they all want someone (even themselves) to feel safe when they go to sleep at night. This means strong staff, an introduction of life skills, increased community involvement, increased collaboration with funders and the state, a reduction in high risk behaviors, and a decrease in the amount of reported domestic abuse cases. By taking these things into account PEACE Domestic Violence Agency will be a long lasting, effective program. Program planning and evaluation process can provide opportunities for program improvement because they will catch instances of the program not meeting the expectations of the funders, workers, and the community. It is vital for PEACE to carefully create a program plan because, with an organization that is helping a myriad of kinds of victims of domestic abuse, it is easy to give the wrong message to workers and the community. PEACE also provides assistance to people who are looking to be rehabilitated so it would be bad for them if their organization came off as only being there to help the hurt or, in my opinion, even worse: As being there to make sure the people know they did wrong but not actually help them. The evaluation process can keep track of the kinds of clients they get and also what places might need improvement. As the manager of a program anything that improves efficiency and the method for delivery of the service is helpful and those can be found through the evaluation process. As a funder, you would have every right to speak up if you thought your money was not being well spent. This comes into play first in the program planning because if you are looking for a specific kind of program you can gladly put forth an effort to make that happen whether it be with time, money, or both. It also comes into play with the evaluation process. As a funder it would be part of your responsibility to check where funds are going and when and to check if there are more efficient and helpful ways of delivering the funds and how they are spent. Outcome Measure: Reduce the amount of domestic violence report, to assist people and families in dealing with life after abuse, and to help with rehabilitation and reintroduction. * Baseline Data: Portland has experienced increasing reports of domestic and youth violence, spousal and child abuse, assault, and incidents of road rage over the last 5 years. * Evaluation Design: Trained observers, staff * Source of Information/Instrument(s): Police reports, reports from other domestic abuse locations * Who Will Collect the Data: Collection of data will be done by a small team of staff specifically brought together to gather and process data. * Timing of Data Collection: Overall data collection every three months (to look for progress) with an update to data made every forty-five days. * Population or Sample: Population (Applicable men, women and children of Portland) * How Will the Data be Described/Analyzed: Total new/repeat counts of domestic abuse in the form of percentages (increase or decrease) Process Measure: Number of staff trained to handle the abused * Source of Information/Instrument(s): Training sign-in sheets * Who Will Collect the Data: Administration assistant will help participants sign-in * Timing of Data Collection: Before the training session * Population or Sample: Population (all participants) * How Will the Data be Described/Analyzed: Total number of staff properly trained. Process Measure: Number of sessions delivered per group * Source of Information/Instrument(s): Staff session logs * Who Will Collect the Data: Staff * Timing of Data Collection: During and after each session * Population or Sample: Population (all staff will fill out session logs) * How Will the Data be Described/Analyzed: Frequency of sessions per group per staff, as well as an average frequency of sessions across the board. Process Measure: Measures of program fidelity * Source of Information/Instrument(s): Trained observers, staff checklists, client surveys * Who Will Collect the Data: Trained observers, staff, and clients * Timing of Data Collection: Trained observers will attend one session per group each month and staff and clients will fill out biweekly checklists and surveys * Population or Sample: Population (All staff and willing clients as well as observers) * How Will the Data be Described/Analyzed: Qualitative data from observations and data collected from checklists and surveys will be compiled, summarized, and given to administration to show who is being passionate and faithful to the cause as well as what improvements need to be made and where. This evaluation plan will include process evaluation, outcome evaluations, formative evaluations, and summative evaluations. Process evaluations will evaluate all procedures and tasks involved with implementing these programs. Process evaluations will also monitor the program and ensure feedback throughout the length of the program. This is exceptionally beneficial when running a program that is solely need-based and those needs only discovered through dealing with the clients the program is trying to help. Without feedback process cannot be made and goals, no matter how small, cannot be achieved. By performing process evaluations on the effectiveness of the groups as well as the staff themselves and comparing that to data collected by clients the best possible steps can be made towards the goal reducing the effect of domestic violence on Portland. Outcome evaluations will collect quantitative and qualitative data from ongoing programs to document any short-term results that have been achieved as well as open doors to any new short-term goals and changes that have to be made to current ones. Task-focused results such as the number of staff who put their name on the sign-up sheet to be trained, how many clients return, and how many young adults seek help with rehabilitation on their own describe the output of the activity and short-term results, like the percentage of clients that are willing to fill out an end-of-session survey, describe the immediate effects of the program on the community. Information such as an increase in knowledge, changed in attitude, and behavioral shifts are part of a long list of data that can be discovered after an outcome evaluation. Outcome evaluations will come in handy the most when trying to figure out if the community is being reached properly and clients are being treated as best as they can be. It will also be helpful determining what activities are out-of-date or just plain not helpful anymore and what activities can take their place. Formative evaluations, which include pre-testing and competency exams, allow an organization to assess the strengths and weaknesses in their approach to their goals, staff, target audience for their services, and even their advertising campaign! Formative evaluations also help an organization discover if any changes need to be made, if they can be made, or if the program is not going to succeed. By testing messages, products, and services on small groups also helps an organization work out kinks before implementing it on a larger scale. By taking the data gained from a finished formative evaluation an organization can get a better idea of their company, its workers, and its clients and will help them decide if it is better to sink, or hopefully more often, swim. Summative evaluations include any combination of measurements and judgments that allow conclusions about the impact, outcome, and benefits of a program or method. Allowing an organization to stick to such an out of the box, abstract, non-linear form of evaluating it can pick and chose what will get them the most information the fastest. This can be, by far, the most efficient way to help an organization make progress. With an organization that has a lot of different sections, like this one, it can produce the best progress reports because there is not a single mainline format that has to be followed; Just whatever works. I believe I would find pre-post surveys with questions that have people rate things one through five, attendance sheets, and tally sheets to keep record of happenings the most useful. In an organization that has sections that help polar opposite cases (e.g. young adults straight from walking the line of a criminal who wish to find assistance in becoming rehabilitated and young mothers who have been abused and who have children who were abused that are looking for help with learning how to get through their fears and move on with life) there cannot be one set way to document things. Surveys will always be near the top of the data collecting tools list because people can put whatever they want however they want and can truly express themselves if they so chose. An organization cannot necessarily ask two groups, like the two mentioned above, â€Å"How did you feel when the counselor asked you to talk about your personal experiences with being abused,† because the young adult who is looking to be rehabilitated may not have been abused. Attendance sheets are a very important part of an organization as well because it will allow the organization to know how many people they are reaching and if they need to step their game up or not. References Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (2013). http://www.mass.gov/anf/budget-taxes-and- procurement/working-for-you/community-innovation-challenge-grant/. Retrieved from http://www.mass.gov/anf/budget-taxes-and-procurement/working-for-you/community-innovation- challenge-grant/ National Network to End Domestic Violence. (2012). Family Violence Prevention Services Act. Retrieved from http://www.nnedv.org/policy/issues/fvpsa.html United States Interagency Council on Homelessnes. (2011). Family Violence Prevention and Services Act. Retrieved from http://www.usich.gov/funding_programs/programs/family_violence_prevention_and_services_act/ University of Phoenix. (2012). Appendix B. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HSM270 Program Planning and Grant Proposal Writing in Human Services website. Weill Cornell Medical College. (2013). http://weill.cornell.edu/research/grants_and_contracts/research_development/se

Privity of Contract Reform

Privity of Contract Reform It is important to emphasise that, while our proposed reforms will give some third parties the right to enforce contracts, there will remain many contracts where a third party stands to benefit and yet will not have a right of enforceability In 1996, the Law Commission published Privity of Contract: Contract for the Benefit of Third Parties. The proposals set out in this report were later legislated on the basis of, in the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999. The aim of this legislation was fundamentally to alter the law in relation to the concept of privity of contract, in order to grant third parties who were not parties to the original contract certain rights. The doctrine of privity of contract will be considered, and the effect on this of the C(RTP)A will be analysed. Finally, some consideration will be given to the question of whether the legislation has gone far enough in reforming the law of privity. It has historically been a fundamental and central principle of contract law in England and Wales that only the actual parties to a contract can have either contractual rights or duties conferred upon them. This was established at common law in the case of Tweddle v Atkinson (1861). The doctrine was confirmed in the early twentieth century in the case of Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge and Co Ltd (1915). It is important at the outset to distinguish the doctrine of privity of contract from the possibility of a third party enforcing a collateral contract. These are quite distinct scenarios. Under the first (historically), the third party had no right to claim rights, nor to be held liable for the performance of contractual duties. In the second scenario, as was established at common law in the case of Shanklin Pier v Detel Products Ltd (1951), an actual contract might be found to exist between the third party and one of the parties to the contract. It is the former of the two situations with which the C(RTP)A 1999 is concerned. The two interests (as defined by McKendrick) which a third party can have in a contract to which he is not a party are both whether or not he can acquire rights under that contract, and whether or not the contract in question can impose any liabilities or obligations on him.[1] The most significant impact on this area was that of the C(RTP)A, which Trietel describes as ‘the most significant doctrinal development in English contract law in the twentieth century.’[2] What, then, is the purpose of privity of contract? It is, rather obviously, to do with the perceived injustice of imposing rights or obligations as between two parties who have had no dealing, at least no contractual dealing. It is clear that if X and Y enter a contractually binding agreement, Y has not made any agreement with Z, and therefore there is no rationale for entitling Z to take enforcement action against Y. The justification for the doctrine flows from the fact that contractual obligations, unlike tortious ones, are voluntary.[3] As Ibbetson states, the ‘rule that a third party could not enforce rights arising under a contract has been a feature of English law since at least the thirteenth century.’[4] The distinction between the acquisition of third party rights and obligations in contracts and other exceptions to privity of contract has already been mentioned. These exceptions can be expanded beyond collateral contracts (as seen in Shanklin Pier v Detel Prod ucts Ltd (1951)), to include a trust of a contractual right, whereby a ‘right may be transferred by way of property, as, for example, under a trust’[5]; the assignment of contractual rights to a third party (as in, for example, Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd (1994)); in cases of agency, where the agent is acting on his principal’s behalf, with the full authority of that principle, and concludes a contract (following Wakefield v Duckworth (1915), where the agent was operating within his authority, he ‘drops out of the picture and the contract is between the principal and the other contracting party); and cases where a claimant who is a third party suffers loss because of the negligent performance of the contract by a contracting party, as in the classic case Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). The doctrine of privity, then, was a foundational principle of English contract law until the advent of the Law Commission’s report in 1996. The opening quotation, taken from that report, explicitly seeks to limit the implications of the reforms that would later find their way into the C(RTP)A 1999, and the consideration above of the centrality of the doctrine of privity to contract law generally, shows why these limitations were considered necessary. What is the impact on this doctrine of the C(RTP)A, and does this do enough to reform the law on privity? The C(RTP)A states that ‘subject to the provisions of this Act, a person who is not a party to a contract may in his own right enforce a term of the contract if the contract expressly provides that he may †¦ or the term purports to confer a benefit on him.’ Furthermore, ‘the third party must be expressly identified in the contract by name, of a member of a class or as answering to a particular description but need not be in existence when the contract is entered into.’[6] There are, then, two separate tests for enforceability. The first test is described by Burrows as the ‘simplest’, and so it is; it is a simple question of fact whether the contract expresses the third party may enforce a term of it.[7] An example of this explicit authorisation of the third party to enforce a term of the contract is where the contract states ‘X [the third party] shall have the right to enforce the following terms of the contract†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The pro vision under this section is less restrictive than it might be because of the implications of section 1(3) which complements it, stating that the third party does not need to be named; it is sufficient for the third party to be the member of an identified class. The second test of enforceability under the Act is, again in the words of Burrows, is concerned with the ‘implied’ conferral of rights on third parties (as opposed to the express conferral discussed above).[8] The reasoning behind including this second test for enforceability can be broken down into 3 key areas. The first concerns the issue of implied rights in contracts, brought into the contract by implied terms. It is considered that to limit third party rights is akin to restricting implied terms. In other words, the parties’ intentions are not always their express intentions. The same can apply to third parties. The second area of justification for implied third party rights revolves around the uselessness of a reform confined to an express conferral of rights, unless the contracting parties included some ‘magic formula’ in the agreement so as to fall within the scope of the first test.[9] Cases where third parties would be unaffected by the C(RT P)A 1999 if the reform was confined to expressly mentioned third parties include Beswick v Beswick (1968), in which A contracted with B to pay money to C; and Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Bro (1988), in which liability insurance was taken out to protect third parties to the contract. Finally, the implied conferral of rights on third parties has been justified by the fact that the aforementioned ‘magic formula’ will only be used in informed, well drafted contracts, which many will not be, particularly in the consumer sphere where good legal advice is not affordable. Do these two tests reflect the spirit of the opening quotation? It can certainly be seen how these two tests of enforceability have altered the doctrine of privity substantially, and in particular the second test of enforceability relating to implied third party rights. The Law Commission’s statement, however, suggests a balance, between maintaining privity for many contracts, and allowing third party rights in others. This balance can be seen to be aimed for by the existence of a rebuttable presumption of intention inherent in the second test of enforceability. This rebuttable presumption attains a further balance, between a sufficient degree of certainty between contracting parties, and sufficient flexibility. This flexibility was required in order for the C(RTP)A 1999 to apply to the potentially huge range of contracts for which it was intended. The presumption is set up by asking the question ‘when are the parties likely to have intended to confer a right on a third party to confer a term?’ If the answer is ‘where the term purports to confer a benefit on the expressly identified third party’, then the presumption is raised.[10] This, of course, can be rebutted by the ordinary contractual interpretation of an indication that the parties did not intend this. The balance can be seen to have been aimed for, at least, in the two tests of enforceability in the C(RTP)A 1999. An illustration of how the tests would be applied to decided cases is offered by Trietel, who identifies the case of Jackson v Horizon Holidays (1975) as falling within the scope of the second test under section 1(1)(b). He observes that ‘if the person making the booking [for a holiday on behalf of a third party] supplied the names of the other members of the family when the contract was made, those other members would probably acquire rights under subsection 1(1).; but no such rights are likely to be acquired if a person simply rented a holiday cottage without giving any information as to the number or names of the persons with whom he proposed to share the accommodation.’[11] This, then, can be seen to be a limitation to the effect of the reform legislation. It is suggested by McKendrick that section 1 simply gives the contracting parties an incentive to make their intention clear, which, again, returns to the issue mentioned above about the need for well-drafted contr acts.[12] The C(RTP)A 1999 is a highly significant piece of reform legislation, which fundamentally alters a central doctrine of English contract law. It can be seen to represent the superiority of the doctrine of freedom of contract over that of privity of contract. The significance of the Act is that while it maintains the previous exceptions to privity of contract, contracting parties will probably make increasing use of the Act rather than these, as a matter of certainty. The effect of the Act is somewhat limited, however, by the continuing requirement of clarity in the construction of the contract, whereby a presumption of an intention to confer rights on a third party can be rebutted. The effect of this, however, is simply to encourage a clarity of intention on the part of the contracting parties. BIBLIOGRAPHY Statutes Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 Cases Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge and Co Ltd [1915] AC 847 Jackson v Horizon Holidays [1975] 1 WLR 1468 Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd [1994] 1 AC 85 Shanklin Pier v Detel Products Ltd [1951] 2 All ER 471 Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Bro (1988) 165 CLR 107 Tweddle v Atkinson [1861 – 1873] All ER Rep 369 Wakefield v Duckworth [1915] 1 KB 218 Secondary sources Burrows, A. (2000) ‘The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act and its Implications for Commercial Contracts (LMCLQ 540) Ibbetson, D. (1999) A Historical Introduction to the Law of Obligations (Oxford: OUP) Law Commission (1996) Privity of Contract: Contract for the Benefit of Third Parties (Law Comm 242) McKendrick, E. (2003) Contract Law: Text, Cases and Materials (Oxford: OUP) Smith, S.A. (1997) ‘Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties: In Defence of the Third-Party Rule’, 7 OJLS 643 Trietel, G.H. (1999) The Law of Contract, 10th Edition (London: Sweet Maxwell) Trietel, G.H. (2002) Some Landmarks of Twentieth Century Contract Law (Oxford: OUP) Footnotes [1] McKendrick, E. (2003) Contract Law: Text, Cases and Materials (Oxford: OUP), p1140 [2] Trietel, P. (2002) Some Landmarks of Twentieth Century Contract Law (Oxford: OUP), p47 [3] See Smith, S.A. (1997) ‘Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties: In Defence of the Third-Party Rule’, 7 OJLS 643, p645 [4] Ibbetson, D. (1999) A Historical Introduction to the Law of Obligations (Oxford: OUP), p241 [5] Per Viscount Haldane in Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Lt v Selfridge and Co Ltd (1915) [6] C(RTP)A 1999, ss1(1)(a),1(1)(b) and 1(3) [7] Burrows, A. (2000) ‘The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act and its Implications for Commercial Contracts (LMCLQ 540), p542 [8] Ibid [9] Ibid [10] Ibid, p543 [11] Trietel, G.H. (1999) The Law of Contract, 10th Edition (London: Sweet Maxwell), p603 [12] McKendrick (2003), p1212

Legal Liability of Parents Essay -- essays research papers fc

Legal Liability 0f Parents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents should and should not be held legally responsible for their children’s actions. Parents who are incompetent and parents who are in the system themselves should be held responsible for their children’s actions. Parents who are handicapped and parents who are competent should not be held responsible for their children’s actions. Parents that do not rear their children should be held responsible. There are parents who do not care what the child does as long as they are not in there way. They are too involved in their careers or in life to care what the child does. Often the child acts out for attention. Most parents believe that by taking the child to counseling will solve the problem, without going to counseling themselves. The parents do not take the disciplinary role. They either had a child by accident or had one for their significant other, when they really did not want children. By holding them responsible it teaches the parent a lesson. The parent learns that even though they tried to ignore the problem that there is a problem and that they need to take time out of there day to listen to the child. The child will also pay for their actions, either by the parent or eventually by the law. Parents that are in the system themselves should also be held responsible. Parents who do drugs and know what the child is doing and chooses not to intervene should be held responsible. The government should take the ch...

Singaporean Mentality Exposed :: I Not Stupid Education System Essays

Singaporean Mentality Exposed Film critics and audiences have dubbed I Not Stupid an excellent commentary on the education system and government paternalism. The movie stars three school children who have been channelled into the undesirable EM3 stream, and shows the trials and tribulation of these children and their parents. I Not Stupid has been described as a "coming of age movie"1 for its rare ability to criticise the government and its policies and bring pertinent issues to light, so much so that many are surprised that it managed to get past the not-too-kind local board of censors. This presents us with an interesting question - with its explicit references to the government and its blatant criticisms of government policies, how did this political satire get past the censorship board? Was it a case of the censors deciding that this sort of criticism was acceptable once in a while? Or perhaps the censors just saw the movie differently. At first mention, the latter might sound very unlikely. However, if we ask ourselves what the real butt of the satire is, we might begin to realise that there is a possibility that this movie is not intended to be a political satire at all. In fact, it is my contention that the butt of the satire in this movie is the Singaporean mentality, and not the government. However, before we can begin to examine the real target of the movie's satire, it is first necessary to have an understanding of the movie and its characters. The movie stars three students, Terry Khoo, Liu Kok Pin and Ang Boon Hock who are in the EM3 stream. Terry Khoo, who is also the narrator in the movie, is portrayed as a chubby and clumsy spoilt brat, whose mother is overly paternalistic. Mrs. Khoo, who is decked in white for most of the movie to no doubt show a similarity between her and the PAP government who also have a white uniform, makes all the decisions for her children, and believes that they should be lucky to have such a responsible mother. While Terry is happy to accept this situation, his elder sister Selena is more rebellious and repeatedly demands her freedom. Liu Kok Pin is a student whose ability in English and Maths is weak. His mother, Mrs. Liu takes it upon herself to discipline Kok Pin to ensure that he scores well in his tests in school, while brushing asi de his natural talent in art.

Tool Of The Devil: Comparing Satan in Paradise Lost and The Golden Comp

The devil, in literature, is always a catalyst of change for those who encounter him. He is a force working underground, moving against what is widely considered virtuous and good, and it is contact with him that often changes the course of characters lives, and even the world. In Paradise Lost and a book based on it, The Golden Compass, ‘the devil’, in both cases, is an advocate for moving away from the control of God and the Church. Where the stories differ, is in the author’s intent for these actions. In the former, John Milton uses the devil to display how vanity and pride are the sins that halt us in an opportunity to live blissfully, with and under God. Philip Pullman, in his twist on Paradise Lost, The Golden Compass, claims that the original sin was the first, and most essential, step in human beings claiming their free will. He writes the devil (Lord Asriel) as a manipulative, selfish but ultimately admirable character. One who stands his ground and hold s onto his beliefs with an intense passion. Milton’s Satan, on the other hand, comes off originally as charming, but slowly presents himself to be weak and unsure, and his ideals are eventually presented as a mask for his insatiable pride. When Milton’s Satan tricks Adam and Eve into leaving paradise, they are ultimately worse off. Pullman, on the other hand, shows that human beings are essentially crippled without their right and ability to sin and make choices. It is through their differing portrayals of Satan, that Milton and Pullman present their respective cases on how the original sin caused man to lose paradise and eternal bliss, or find free will. When Paradise Lost begins, the vainglorious actions of Satan have resulted in his removal from heaven and placed him on the path to exact revenge against those who have done so. Though, the reader is hardly able to experience any distaste when reading about this man who opposes the consented force of good. He is are charming, dark, fanatical and desperate in his attempts. It is from these characteristics, that the reader may be swayed into viewing him as the protagonist (or even the hero) of the tale. Even C.S. Lewis, famous for his critical detraction of Milton's Satan acknowledges how, "Milton's presentation of him (Satan) is a magnificent poetical achievement which engages the attention and excites the admirat... ... an essential moment that exemplifies our true nature. Lord Asriel represents this, a man who is cunning and self absorbed, who is selfish in his tendencies, but also willing to fight passionately for freedom and independence. Pullman’s Lord Asriel never feels guilt or remorse for his actions, as he fully believes his actions are not wrong. In The Golden Compass, the church is an institution that oppresses it’s citizens, and Lord Asriel has no qualms in fighting against it. It is the truth behind Lord Asriel’s passion, that allows the reader to accept him as a sort of hero, while it is Satan’s doubt and weakness that allows us to eventually cast him aside. The resolve of Lord Asriel reflects Pullman’s insistence on how detrimental our own individual thoughts and determinations are. Though our actions may be negative and even harmful, he believes we are essentially soulless without them. Milton, however, see’s that man has no greater obligation than to serve God, and this is the only way which we can find true peace within. Both authors use Satan as their strongest tool, to reflect where they believe we should put God and the Church in man’s life.

Education in Egypt Essay

Education is an important factor to a new and improved Egypt. But unfortunately the education we have here in Egypt leads to high literacy rate. This was proven through out the research. Also that high literacy rate is due to the deterioration of the educational system and governmental schools. The research was based on a questionnaire made and distributed among students and parents randomly. The questionnaire was divided in to 5 questions. First knowing their career either students or parents, second was either preferring public or private schools, for third question the number of students in the class now and what do they prefer the most, forth was ways for improving, and last question is either the literacy rate is effected from the way of education we have and why. The Research had 62 samples, they were all either students or parents, they were random samples, and all students where school students. The results obtained from the questionnaire showed 61% were students and 37% were parents. As for the second question there was a huge gap, there was 95% who choose private and only 5% choose public and reasons were defined. For the third question there was completely different results, concerning question (3 a) there was 27.42% answered 15 to 20 students, 38.71% claimed being in classes of 25 to 30 students, 29% answered 35 to 40 students and only 4.84% answered 40+. However question (3 b) had most of the samples answering similarly, having only 2 answers 71.3% wanted 15 to 20 students in class and 28.7% accepted 25 to 30 students as for the rest 0%. For the forth question the participants had different opinions in answering it as it is an open-ended question. Last question had 77.4% answered yes, 14.5% for No and 8.1% had neutral as their answer, for the rest of the question was also open-ended. Concerning question two why they choose either public or private, for people who choose private schools was because they have better education, teachers are well qualified, more taking care of students, the schools are neater hygienic wise, having the same social standard colleagues, the private schools having better working environments, also for not just concerning on academic levels but also behaviors and manners. However for the few others who answered public was because it is cheaper, near the house and because the parent work there so it is easier. Going back to the literature review, yes searches did get out that most people or parents send their children private schools as for all the reason stated by the participants. Regarding the forth question there was so many suggestions, some of them are that changing the curriculum, teachers having higher salaries so they have motivation on working better, changing the way of teaching, making public and private schools going on the same curriculum, reduce the number of students in classes so that students and teachers could concentrate, non academic courses so that students loves the school and know its important, having a better working environment for students in classes, adding some critical thinking so students do not get out of school having the technique of memorizing only, improving the hygienic state of the classrooms and WC. Referring to what (Moussa) said in the literature review was same as some of the participants’ results about having overcrowded classes and the concentration in class. Also as the educational institute claimed about paying more attention to the curriculum and to continuously work on improving it was also one of the participants answers which shows that there is similarities between what the searches said and the questionnaires answers. Although based on (Helmy) â€Å"the country’s curriculum and assessment systems emphasize the memorization of facts, which works against innovative thinking and knowledge creation† is common to one of the answers about the critical thinking and not memorizing Finally question five people who answered with a yes was because they think government should provide in public school the same curriculum and importance of the subjects so students would want to go, also they do not give a concentration for those people who are in areas which there are no schools so they do not even care for learning, so these are some of the reasons that leads to high literacy rate however who had a no answer was because they think that it is because people does not want to learn not because we have a bad education but because they think working will get them money faster than studying first then working, and neutral did though education some times is a main problem for literacy because it is not as good as it should be but sometimes it is not the barrier because if a person wants to learn they will find their way to learn. In conclusion hypothesis was supported, as for most of the participants had the same answers as where out in the literature review as showing education is responsible in increasing or decreasing high literacy rate, also the quality of education in Egypt should be changed as for it is found out by margin that most of the people think the same about education in Egypt. Education is a very important aspect in everyone’s lives. It’s the education that makes us knowledgeable, respectable, civilized people so we have to take a very good care of it.

Year 11 Physics: the World Communicates Dot Points

The World Communicates 1. The wave model can be used to explain how current technologies transfer information * describe the energy transformations required in one of the following: mobile telephone, fax/ modem, radio and television Energy transmission in mobile telephone: ound wave energy (input sound) -> electrical (in transmitting phone) – > radio wave (transmit signal) -> electrical (in receiving phone) -> sound (output sound) * describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, two or three dimensions, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium A wave is a travelling disturbance which transfers energy without transporting matter. They may occur in 1D, 2D or 3D, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium. D- slinky, laser light >>> only moves in one direction 2D- water wave >>> propagates in all directions on a single plane 3D-light, sound, all EM waves >>> spreads/ radiates in all directions fro m a single point *identify that mechanical waves require a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not Mechanical waves require a medium (particles in order to propagate) while electromagnetic waves do not. Classification of Waves: in terms of medium > mechanical (requires), electromagnetic (doesn’t require) -in terms of particle oscillation > mechanical >>> transverse (perpendicular), longitudinal (parallel) * define and apply the following terms to the wave model: medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength, velocity Mechanical Waves -require a medium to propagate -involves the transfer of energy through a medium by the motion of particles of the medium itself -particles moves as oscillations or vibrations around a fixed pointTransverse waves (e. g. light) – mechanical waves – particles of the medium oscillate back and forth in a direc tion perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation -does not require a medium Longitudinal/compressional waves (e. g. sound) -mechanical waves -particles of the medium oscillate back and forth in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation -requires a medium Period (T) – time taken for a single wave to pass through a fixed point OR the time taken for a particle of a medium to make one complete oscillation (measured in seconds) -T = 1fFrequency (f) – number of waves that pass through a fixed point per second OR number of complete oscillations of a medium particle in one second (measured in hertz > Hz) Medium – material through which a wave can propagate Displacement-shortest distance from initial position to final position of a particle Amplitude (A) – maximum displacement of particles from the undisturbed state (equilibrium position) Compression – zones where particles are closer together than in their undisturbed state Rarefaction – zones where the particles are further apart than in their undisturbed state Crest- highest part of the wavesTrough- lowest part of the wave Wavelength (? ) – distance between 2 successive identical points on a wave (e. g. distance measured in metres, between adjacent crests or troughs) Velocity (v) – speed at which the wave transfers energy away from the source * describe the relationship between particle motion and the direction of energy propagation in transverse and longitudinal waves Particles in a transverse wave oscillate back and forth in direction perpendicular to direction of propagation.Particles in a longitudinal wave oscillate back and forth in direction parallel to direction of propagation. * quantify the relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength for a wave: Velocity is directly proportional to the product of the frequency and wavelength of the wave. 2. Features of a wave model can be used to account for the properties of sound * id entify that sound waves are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium Sound Waves -are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium classed as a mechanical longitudinal wave -when sound wave propagates, vibrations of the particles create pressure variations within that medium -frequency of a sound is determined by the frequency of the original vibration,NOT by the medium it travels through (i. e. frequency of a sound doesn’t change through any medium) -speed of sound is different in different media -sound travels fastest in solids, followed by liquids then gases (i. e. higher density- particles packed more closely together- vibrations travel faster) -speed of sound in air = 343 m/s relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the crests and troughs of transverse waves used to represent them Compressions > crests Rarefactions > troughs * explain qualitatively that pitch is related to frequency and volume to amplitude of sound waves The amplitud e of a sound wave determines the volume of the sound. high amplitude = high volumelow amplitude=low volume Likewise, the frequency of a sound wave is directly related to the pitch of a sound. The higher the frequency, the more vibrations per second, and thus, the higher the pitch.High frequency= high pitchlow frequency=low pitch * explain an echo as a reflection of a sound wave Echo – forms when a sound wave reflects off a hard surface and rebounds back to its original source, essentially becoming the reflection of a sound wave. – wide variety of applications including SONAR (Sound Navigation And Ranging) > method for finding the depth of water and detection of animals and other objects in water * describe the principle of superposition and compare the resulting waves to the original waves in sound Superposition- also known as wave interference when two or more waves of the same type pass through the same medium at the same time, they will interfere with each other -individual component waves will interfere to give the resultant wave -position of any point on the resultant wave is the sum of the amplitudes of the component waves -rules to superimpose component waves: 1. End points 2. Intersecting points 3. Crests/ Troughs -note: > curve + curve = curve gt; curve + line = curve > line + line = line > once component waves no longer interfere with each other, they will return to their initial state -constructive interference > component waves are in phase (crests and troughs aligned) -destructive interference > component waves 180? out of phase (crests of one wave aligned to troughs of the other and vice versa) > resultant wave is a straight line 3.Recent technological developments have allowed greater use of the electromagnetic spectrum * describe electromagnetic waves in terms of their speed in space and their lack of requirement of a medium for propagation Electromagnetic Waves – travel through space at the speed of li ght, 3Ãâ€"10? m/s. – do not require a medium to propagate (i. e. can pass through a vacuum, are all transverse waves) – e. g. gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible (VIBGYOR), infrared, microwaves, radio waves * identify the lectromagnetic wavebands filtered out by the atmosphere, especially UV, X-rays and gamma rays Waves able to penetrate atmosphere and reach surface of the Earth> visible light, radio waves, microwaves -too much exposure to UV radiation can result in cancers and dangerous mutations -too much exposure to X-rays and Gamma radiation would quickly kill us -Earth’s atmosphere has the ability to absorb ay incoming high energy radiation * identify methods for the detection of various wavebands in the electromagnetic spectrum EM Wave| Detectors| Source|Gamma| Geiger Muller tube| Nuclei of radioactive atoms and cosmic rays| X-ray| Fluorescent screen| X-ray tubes| Ultraviolet (UV)| Photo/solar cellsFluorescent chemicals| Very hot objectsArcs and s parksMercury capour lamps| Visible| Photo/ solar cellsEye| Hot objectsLampsLasers| Infrared| Special photographic filmSkinSemiconductor devices such as LDR and photodiode| Warm and hot objects (e. g. ire, people)| Radio/ Microwaves| Aerials connected to tuned electric circuits in radio and TV sets| Microwaves and ovensTV and radio transmitters using electric circuits and aerialsOscillating electrons| Note: the sun is a producer of all EM waves sending all bandwidths to Earth Photographic film detects all EM waves except for radio/ microwaves * where k = amount of energy of source, d = distance away from source, I= intensity explain that the relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and distance from a source is an example of the inverse square law:Intensity – the energy received per square metre per second at a distance away from the source Attenuation – decrease in the strength of the signal or light -EM waves decrease in intensity the further th ey are away from the source – to reduce attenuation in long distance communication, signal needs to be either: > sent out as a very large strong signal > signals travelling long distances need to be amplified at repeater or booster stations along their path * outline how the modulation of mplitude or frequency of visible light, microwaves and/or radio waves can be used to transmit information Bandwidth – space taken up in terms of frequency Modulation – process of adding (encoding) signal information to an EM wave Amplitude Modulation -signal wave encoded onto carrier wave by adding amplitude of signal wave and carrier waves using principle of superposition -turns into resultant modulated wave -information stored in variations of amplitude -constant frequency, changing amplitudes when received, radio receiver will decode variation in amplitude to obtain original signal, which is then amplified Advantages| Disadvantages| * requires a much smaller bandwidth of frequencies for transmission * number of transmissions possible in the AM band is larger| * depend on changing of amplitude through superposition of waves and therefore e very prone to interference |Frequency Modulation -signal wave added to carrier waves by changing frequency of carrier wave -information stored in variations of frequency -constant amplitude, changing frequencies low signal corresponds to low frequency and vice versa for high signals Note: frequency bands = megahertz (MHz)= _x10^6 m/s Advantages| Disadvantages| * since FM waves store information on varying frequencies, less prone to interference -harder to influence frequency of a wave by interference and superposition| * each transmission utilises a large bandwidth * different transmitters must be allocated different frequency bands for transmission to avoide interference with each other * limited number of transmitters allowable in given area| discuss problems produced by the limited range of the electromagneti c spectrum available for communication purposes -each transmission requires different frequency bands, but available bandwidth for certain types of EM waves is limited so there’s a possibility may run out of bandwidth and have transmissions start interfering with each other 4. Many communication technologies use applications of reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves * describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of reflection from a plane surface on waves Reflection – When a wave strikes a boundary, it bounces back.This is known as the reflection of a wave. Law of Reflection: – angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection – incident ray, reflected ray and the normal are on the same plane * describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and microwaves have assisted in information transfer Light > fibre optic communcation Radio waves > AM/ FM radio transmission Microwaves > microwave repeating stations (to boost intensity of received signals through use of parabolic concave surface of satellite dishes) > mobile phone, internet cable data describe one application of reflection for each of the following: plane surfaces, concave surfaces, convex surfaces, radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere Plane > dressing and shaving Parabolic concave > satellite dishes (to reflect incoming signals to an antenna at the focus, hence amplifying signal), used in microwave repeating stations and radar control towers to boost intensity of received signals) >produce parallel beams of light used in torches, car headlight, etc Convex > shop security mirrors and side view mirrors (provides wider range of view) Radio waves reflected by ionosphereIonosphere – region of Earth’s atmosphere which consists of charged particles (electrons and ions) -charged property allows it to reflect low frequency (high wavelength) EM waves such as radio waves -this ref lection property enables the transmission of radio waves to receivers that are ‘out of sight’ due to the Earth’s curvature * explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a wavefront Wavefront – a line that joins all the point that are in phase in a wave (e. . a line that joins all crests, so is perpendicular to direction of propagation) Refraction – when waves travel from one medium to another, where they experience a change in speed, travel different distances (for the same interval of time), causing its wavefronts to bend. This changes the direction of propagation of the wave. Exception – when wave hits boundary between the two media at right angles, incident wavefronts are parallel to boundary, or incident angle is 0? -wavelength and velocity change -frequency remains the sameWhen a wave travels from a more dense to a less dense medium, direction of wave bends away from the normal and vice versa. Note: deep water is less dense than shallow water * define refractive index in terms of changes in the velocity of a wave in passing from one medium to another Refractive Index – the absolute refractive index of a material is a ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material RI = cv , where c is the speed of light, and v is the speed of light in material It is the change in velocity of a wave passing from one medium to another. related to optical density (i. e. high RI = high OD and vice versa) * define Snell’s Law: = = n? n? * identify the conditions necessary for total internal reflection with reference to the critical angle Total internal reflection occurs when the incidence angle is greater than the critical angle. * i. e. boundary totally reflects the waves, hence the wave never escapes the medium it is in Critical angle: – wave travelling from more dense to less dense – angle of incidence forms an angle of reflection of 90? the critical angle) * outline how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres Fibre-Optic Communication – optic fibres made of glass or plastic materials -An optical fibre consists of a core (made of material with higher RI/ is more optically dense) and a cladding – Light encoded with data is guided along the length of the fibre via total internal reflection until it reaches the other end where the information is extracted and decoded Advantages| How/ Why| large amount of data can be transmitted at any one time * suitable for transmitting information where straight line transmission is impossible * interferences by outside disturbances are minimised since light waves are confined within fibres * energy lost due to long distance transmission minimised| * by using a group of many fibres * light waves only travel in straight lines * light waves are confined within fibres * energy of light waves totally trapped with in core of fibres| . Electromagnetic waves have potential for future communication technologies and data storage technologies * identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in digital form * fibre optic communication * AM/FM radio broadcasting * mobile telephone calls * satellite communication

Race and ethnicity in the United States Census Essay

The media is an industry where the competition is intense and it has been used by the government individuals, organizations, institutions, society, and family etc. for various purposes. However, due to the increasing competition in the industry, many at times the functions and duties which the media owes to the society are significantly overlooked. There are various functions of the media some will be discussed later on in this paper. The aim of the media has to a fearfully large extent shifted from fulfilling its roles to the society, rather their focus is often on how much entertainment they can offer to their audience and how much money they can make and how quickly they can make it. Entertainment and money making is definitely key in the existence, survival and growth of this industry, nevertheless, this should not be achieved by inappropriately portraying a group’s identity in any form. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Construction – To make or create, by putting together ideas, components or arguments. Group Identity – This refers to a person’s sense of belonging to a group. Media- Are communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data or promotional messages are disseminated. Media includes every broadcasting and narrow casting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax and internet (business dictionary, 2015). THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY BY TAJFEL & TURNER (1979) This theory was propounded in order to understand the psychological reasons and basis for inter- group discrimination. The components of this theory goes thus: Categorization- This is the process of putting ourselves and others into categories, our self-image is associated with the categories we belong to. Identification – This is the process by which we associate ourselves with certain groups of people. Nevertheless there are some groups we don’t want to be identified with (out groups) and there are some we would want to be identified with (in groups). Comparison- This is the process through which we compare our groups with other groups, thereby creating a positive bias towards the groups in which we are members of. This aspect of this work will focus on two salient functions of the media amidst the various ones there are. Social heritage function- The onus lies on the media to transmit positive racial and ethnic values about every existing race and ethnic group. The act of highlighting and spotlighting the various negativities of races and ethnic groups should be avoided. Surveillance function- This is the duty the media owes to the society in circulating news and information when necessary, the media is responsible for providing information about events. THE CONSTRUCTION OF GROUP IDENTITY BY HOLLYWOOD (A STUDY OF THE LATINO RACE) There are five acclaimed races in the world: 1) Mongoloid (Asian and American Indian) 2) Caucasoid (European) 3) Australoid (Australian and oceanic) 4) Negroid (East African black). 5) Capoid (South African black) The Latinos could be said to belong to the Mongoloid race and most of the 315 million people who live in the United States of America are either immigrants or have ancestry to another country. In actual fact, the only truly American people are the Native ones. This country is based on the idea of migration in pursuit of a better social and economic life. According to U. S. Census Bureau (2012), there are roughly 52 million Hispanics/Latinos living in the United States, representing approximately 16. 7% of the total population of United States of America, and making them the nation’s largest ethnic minority. Among Hispanic subgroups, Mexicans rated as the largest at 63%, followed by Puerto Ricans (9. 2%), Cubans (3. 5%), Salvadorans (3. 3%), Dominicans (2. 8%), and the remaining 18. 2% were Colombians, Guatemalans, Portuguese, Honduras, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Brazilian. The main reason for their migration has been either that they are politically endangered or have financial problems. For instance the Cubans who ended up in America wanted to escape from the political conditions in their country. Escaping from the communist government practiced in Cuba, they were considered as ‘political refugees’ in America for three and a half decades until 1995. As a result of America’s opposition to the Cuban government, they were treated in America better than almost any other ethnic group. This has also been partly because of their high level of education and professionalism before migration (Martins, 2006 as seen in Mousavi & Sadeghi, 2013). Latinos, Mexicans in particular, mostly live in the Southwest; almost half in California and Texas. Puerto Ricans are mostly in the East and Cubans are in Florida. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, legal Hispanic household income is only 75 percent of White American income. There is also a high rate of poverty and unemployment among them, and their socio economic status is at a low level. The cause for this situation is partially their jobs being the lowest paid ones, their low education level, and employment discrimination (Camarillo and Bonilla, 2001). They are present in the news, advertisements, election campaigns, political debates, television and films. The common major feature that is present in all of these portrayals is the problems related to them that should be solved and not to be glorified, exaggerated or exploited by Hollywood. Before now African Americans were more likely to be portrayed as domestic workers in Hollywood. African Americans played major roles in television sitcoms such as â€Å"Beulah† in the 1950’s and â€Å"Gone with the wind† in 1939. In recent times Latinos have increasingly replaced African Americans as Hollywood domestics. Hollywood has presented an incorrect reality of the Latino people to the American people and to the world at large, it has exaggerated a poor image of this particular race. Although the Latinos who live in America get more roles to play in Hollywood, most of these roles are mentioned in the next paragraph. The Latino female is often presented as a temptress, vamp, lustful, promiscuous, unfaithful, manipulative, of loose morals or submissive at times in relation to a white male fantasy, low class, serving the whites. A list of Ten Latino Female artists who have played the role of a maid in Hollywood Movies/series. Jennifer Lopez – Maid in Manhattan, 2002 Aida Linares- Clueless, 1995 Lupe Ontiveros- As good as it gets, 1997 (She has played an estimate of 150 maid roles on television). Consuela-Family Guy, 2005-till present Nadine Valesquez-My name is Earl, 2005-2009 Paz Vega- Spanglish, 2004 Kate Del Castillo- La misma Luna, 2007 Adriana Barraza- Babel, 2006 Catalina Saavedra, The maid, 2009 Roselyn Sanchez, Devious Maids, 2013- till present Pania Ramirez – Devious Maids, 2013 till present THE MEDIA, DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE INITIATIVE (MDSCI)’S SIX YEAR STUDY REVEALS SOME STATISTICS. Among the racial and ethnic groups studied in the Media, Diversity, and Social Change Initiative’s report, released August 2014, Latinos made up only 4. 9% of movie characters across 100 of 2013’s top-grossing films. According to the U. S. Census Bureau’s estimates, there are roughly 52 million Latinos in the U. S. as of July 1, 2011, or just over 16% of the current U. S. population. That number is on track to reach 132. 8 million — or about 30% of the U. S. population — by July 1, 2050. LATINOS THAT ARE DEPICTED IN TOP-GROSSING MOVIES ARE MOSTLY NAKED. While the study does note that â€Å"Hispanic females (37. 3%) were more likely to be featured in popular films than were white females (29. 6%) or Asian females (32%),† Latinas are also more likely than females among any of the other groups studied (37. 5%, to be precise) to be shown partially dressed or nude on the big screen. LATINOS ARE ALSO HIGHLY LIKELY TO BE SEXUALIZED. The sexualization of Latinos does not stop with women. Latino men were the most likely among the studied groups (16. 5%) to be depicted wearing â€Å"tight, alluring or revealing clothing. † DANGERS OF THE NEGATIVE PORTRAYAL OF RACE & ETHNICITY BY THE MEDIA ?Since there is a tendency to believe what is represented or depicted by the media; as particular races or ethnic groups are often negatively portrayed, others who are not acquainted with such group of people are bound to believe they are actually the way the media has presented them. ? Another danger of negative portrayals of race/ethnic groups by the media is that the younger ones from such groups may not be able to see themselves better than the way the media has portrayed them. For example if a race is continually depicted as a maid or as vulgar murderer the younger generation of such groups may not see anything wrong with being that way and could actually end up as same. ? This particular race have existing challenges of employment, poor education; the continuous depictions as such does not help solve these problems, but only worsens them. ?It could be difficult for people who are negatively portrayed to keep relationships with or amongst other races who are depicted as superior to them. THE NOLLYWOOD CONSTRUCT OF ETHNICITY (A STUDY OF THE YORUBA, AND NORTHERN NIGERIANS) The founding fathers of Yoruba films in Nigeria i. e. Herbert Ogunde, Moses Olaiya (Baba Sala) Based their works on the constructive values of the Yoruba ethnic group without leaving their audience entertained. In recent times Nollywood has neglected the transfer of social heritage function in the production of Yoruba films. More often than necessary abusive statements, raining of curses and the invention of such and rascality has been synonymous with Yoruba films. The very rich Yoruba culture which the world could learn from is often being tarnished by our film industry. However there are various Yoruba producers who focus on spreading the positivity of the Yoruba culture i. e. Tunde Kelani, Tade Ogidan, Yinka Afolayan. Men from the Northern part of Nigeria are also often times portrayed as either a gateman or the security man of a well-established family. The character who could actually be Yoruba speaks like a man from the north to convince the audience that the gateman is a man from the Northern part of the Country. Little does Nollywood know that many of the gatemen in Lagos which I can speak for are not even Nigerians. I have observed that most of the gatemen/security men in reality are actually from Niger Republic many of them look like Nigerian Northerners, are able to speak Hausa language but they are not Nigerians. RECOMMENDATIONS ? Every race has some sort of value and norms that could be positive, the media should hereby seek out such and spread them. ?The media needs to respect the fact that every human person has dignity and should be portrayed as such. ?They never should never assume that a particular race or ethnicity is less than the other, regardless of the socio economic status of such groups. ?The media should seek to solve the challenges faced by some races and ethnic groups rather than exploit them. ?The media should be reminded that they are socially responsible to the society, thus they should be mindful of what they feed the society with.